Respiratory Acidosis: Easy-to-Understand Explanation of Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Respiratory Acidosis: Easy-to-Understand Explanation of Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

What IS Respiratory Acidosis?

Respiratory Acidosis is a medical condition that occurs when the lungs can’t remove enough Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) from the body, which causes the blood pH to decrease below 7.35.

When too much CO₂ stays in the blood, it causes a chain reaction that increases the amount of Hydrogen ions (H⁺) floating around. This increase in H⁺ is what makes the blood pH drop, which makes the bloodstream more acidic.

Basically: more CO₂ = more H⁺ = more acid = lower pH

Your blood can become acidic for other reasons, too. But when it becomes acidic because of the CO₂ levels, that is what makes it Respiratory Acidosis.

What causes Respiratory Acidosis?

The primary way that our lungs get rid of CO₂ is by exhaling. Therefore, we can deduce that the causes of Respiratory Acidosis HAVE to involve our lungs NOT exhaling enough CO₂. We call this “retaining“ CO₂ because our the CO₂ is being retained in the body.

Why do I explain this first? Because it’s better to understand the pathophysiology behind a condition, rather than simply memorizing a list of causes. You’re more likely to remember this way, AND you’re better able to critically think your way through test questions. That’s why I prefer to divide the causes of Respiratory Acidosis into related categories.

Lung Disease: Infectious OR Non-infectious

Most often, especially for nursing school purposes, the reason that the lungs can’t exhale enough CO₂ is due to a lung disease. The disease process could be infectious (i.e. pneumonia, bronchitis, RSV, etc), or non-infectious (i.e. COPD, emphysema, asthma, etc).

For infectious causes, the illness symptoms can prevent O₂/CO₂ gas exchange from taking place at normal rates in the alveoli. This could be because of inflammation, or excess mucus blocking the gas exchange.

For non-infectious causes of Respiratory Acidosis, there is usually a functional problem that makes the lungs less able to exhale CO₂. For example, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD) leads to scar tissue in the lungs, which makes the lungs less pliable (aka less able to stretch and move). When the lungs can’t move well, they can’t squeeze together to exhale as much CO₂ as healthy lungs can.

Pharmaceutical Causes

Certain medications can be causes of Respiratory Acidosis, too. This includes any substance having the potential to chemically suppress the respiratory rate or otherwise interfere with the brains ability to tell the lungs to breathe.

A perfect example is morphine, an opioid which carries the risk of respiratory depression. If enough morphine is taken to suppress the patient’s breathing rate, then CO₂ would be retained and Respiratory Acidosis could easily develop.

Neural Problems

Problems with the central and peripheral nervous systems are also potential causes of Respiratory Acidosis. For example, if a spinal cord injury or brain tumor slowed or stopped the signal from the brain telling the lungs to breath more frequently, then retained CO₂ would result.

Obstruction in the Lungs

Sometimes there can a physical obstruction that prevents the lungs from exhaling CO₂. For example, a tumor that blocks one of the bronchi or bronchioles could physically prevent the lungs from expelling enough CO₂.

What are the different types of Respiratory Acidosis?

Uncompensated Respiratory Acidosis (Acute)

Uncompensated Respiratory Acidosis is an acute condition that usually comes on suddenly and can be life threatening. Under normal circumstances, the kidneys help the lungs maintain correct blood pH by retaining or producing bicarbonate (HCO₃^–). However, because acute respiratory acidosis can develop so quickly, the kidneys don’t have enough time to respond and balance out the pH.

The result is that there is too much CO₂ in the blood, a normal amount of bicarbonate, and the blood pH dips below 7.35 to become more acidic.

Fully Compensated Respiratory Acidosis (Chronic)

Fully Compensated Respiratory Acidosis is usually a chronic condition that comes on gradually. The slower pace of this imbalance allows time for the kidneys to retain (or produce) enough bicarbonate to accommodate any increases in CO₂ and H⁺.

Since the total bicarbonate level has time to increase and counterbalance the pH, the results are that there is too much CO₂ AND bicarbonate in the blood, but the pH remains in the normal range of 7.35-7.45. The pH will lean towards the acidic side however, so you’re more likely to see a pH of 7.35-7.39.

Partially Compensated Respiratory Acidosis

Partially Compensated Respiratory Acidosis is more of an “in-between” stage for when a patient is moving from Uncompensated Respiratory Acidosis into Fully Compensated Respiratory Acidosis.

As the lungs are less able to get rid of CO₂ and H⁺, the blood pH gradually decreases and becomes more acidic. At the same time, however, the the kidneys begin compensating by retaining or producing bicarbonate to balance out the pH.

However, for Partially Compensated Respiratory Acidosis, the kidneys have not had time to completely compensate for the lungs yet (if they had, then this would be called Fully Compensated Respiratory Acidosis ?)

So you end up with too much CO₂ AND too much bicarbonate, but the pH is still abnormal and in the acidic range (<7.35).

What are signs of Respiratory Acidosis?

Nursing textbooks (and professors) are great about listing LOTS of Respiratory Acidosis symptoms. The problem is, many of these signs and symptoms of Respiratory acidosis are rather generic, and could be true of many illnesses that are completely unrelated.

That’s why I prefer to identify Respiratory Acidosis symptoms that are specific and unique to this condition…and then understand why they occur (a.k.a. the pathophysiology). The most specific and unique Respiratory Acidosis symptoms include:

• Dyspnea, with a rapid and shallow breathing pattern (similar to hyperventilation)
• Hyperkalemia (discussed in more detail under the “complications” section)
• Abnormal ABG results: PaCO₂ > 45 and pH < 7.35 (or pH < 7.39 if Compensated)

The more generic symptoms of Respiratory Acidosis include:

• confusion and decreased level of consciousness
• restlessness
• tremors
• tachycardia
• nausea and vomiting

Do you see how impossible it is to identify these generic Respiratory Acidosis symptoms? They also occur with just about every other illness you’ll study in nursing school. Which is why exams will always highlight the specific and unique symptoms…and you should focus on them when you study, too!

What complication is associated with Respiratory Acidosis?

It’s easy to think of symptoms and complications as separate things, but in reality they are a continuum. In nursing school we tend to identify complications as the more advanced and serious symptoms, or when a patient develops a separate disorder that was caused by the primary disorder (kind of like how left sided heart failure can cause right sided heart failure).

With that in mind, one major complication of respiratory acidosis is hyperkalemia. This potentially severe complication occurs later in the disease process, after CO₂ has increased so much that it starts trading places with K⁺ ions that would normally have stayed inside the body’s cells.

This “trading places” is initially helpful because it decreases CO₂ in the blood. But if the root cause of Respiratory Acidosis is left uncorrected, then hyperkalemia can develop with all of the symptoms (and complications!) that go along with it.

How is Respiratory Acidosis treated?

Like any disease process you’ll face in nursing school, Respiratory Acidosis treatment is twofold:

1. Manage the urgent symptoms
2. Correct the root cause

Managing the Symptoms of Respiratory Acidosis

Dyspnea is either an Airway or Breathing issue (remember your ABC’s?), so it’s one of our priorities. If there’s a blockage, then your first concern is to maintain a patent airway. Also, since CO₂ is increasing in the blood, then arterial 02 is likely to be decreased. This decrease in 02 may require that supplemental oxygen be administered.

If Hyperkalemia is present, then it definitely needs to be addressed so that the patient doesn’t develop additional complications from that, such as dysrhythmias. There are many ways to handle Hyperkalemia, but when it occurs with Respiratory Acidosis then you may receive an order to administor Sodium Bicarbonate.

Sodium Bicarbonate is a base that will help reduce the blood acidity by binding with some of the free H⁺. This causes the H⁺ that has already “traded places” with the K⁺ to trade back, thereby lowering levels of K⁺ in the blood.

Correcting Root Causes of Respiratory Acidosis

The original causes of Respiratory Acidosis will influence the Respiratory Acidosis treatment, too. For example, if it was caused by respiratory depression related to an opioid like morphine, then the treatment would obviously involve discontinuing the morphine and possibly administering an antidote such as naloxone (Narcan).

If the cause was a lung infection such as bacterial pneumonia, then the Respiratory Acidosis treatment might involve administering an anabiotic. If the cause was viral pneumonia, however, then antibiotics would be inappropriate and only supportive measures might be used while the viral pneumonia runs its course.

As you can see, there are at least as many possible Respiratory Acidosis treatments as there are possible causes. That is why knowing and understanding pathophysiology is so important!

Is Hyperventilation Respiratory Acidosis or Alkalosis?

Like many diseases you study in nursing school, Respiratory Acidosis can be paired with and studied with an “opposite” disorder. In this case, the “opposite” disorder is Respiratory Alkalosis. Since everything is going in “opposite” directions with these two disorders, it is confusing to keep some things straight! Hyperventilation is one of the potentially confusing causes/symptoms.

It’s true that hyperventilation can occur in BOTH respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. The difference is when hyperventilation occurs during these two disease processes.

For respiratory acidosis, hyperventilation is the result of the illness, so it is considered a symptom. CO₂ has accumulated in the blood, and needs to be reduced. The rapid, shallow breathing is an attempt to “blow off” some of the excess CO₂.

On the other hand, hyperventilation is a potential cause of respiratory alkalosis, which is characterized by low CO₂ in the blood. Since hyperventilation can be very effective at “blowing off” CO₂ from the body, it is also very effective at causing low bloodCO₂.

To summarize, hyperventilation is a symptom associated with Respiratory Acidosis, but hyperventilation is the main cause that can lead to Respiratory Alkalosis.

Summary: What you NEED TO KNOW about Respiratory Acidosis to be a safe, effective, beginning Nurse

• Group the causes of Respiratory Acidosis into categories
• Identify unique symptoms of Respiratory Acidosis
• Recognize abnormal ABGs (CO₂ > 45 AND pH is acidic)
• Explain pathophysiology of potential complications
• Understand the relationship between Respiratory Acidosis and Respiratory Alkalosis
  • Including the role that hyperventilation plays in both!
• Respiratory Acidosis Treatment, and how it changes depending on the root causes (pathophysiology is key!)

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Nicole Whitworth

Nicole Whitworth is the founder of Your Nursing Tutor. She has a BSN and an MA in Clinical Psychology, and has been a professional nursing tutor for over 12+ years. Nicole specializes in getting nursing students through school confidently and calmly so that everything finally “clicks”. She is also the creator of the Silver Bullet Study System, an easy-to-follow study method that automatically trains your brain to become a nurse at the same time that you study for your normal nursing classes.